Britain gave AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine a vote of confidence on Friday when it asked its regulator to assess the shot for a rollout after experts raised questions about trial data and the company said it may run another study to gauge efficacy.
The UK government has secured 100 million doses of the vaccine, developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford University, the most it has ordered of any shot to fight a pandemic that has killed more than 1.4 milion people globally.
The British drug maker expects four million doses to be available in the country by the end of next month, and Health Secretary Matt Hancock aims for a rollout to begin before Christmas.
“We have formally asked the regulator to assess the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine, to understand the data and determine whether it meets rigorous safety standards,” Hancock said.
“This letter is an important step towards deploying a vaccine as quickly as safely possible.”
Britain’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) started an accelerated “rolling review” of the vaccine at the start of this month as data comes in on safety and efficacy.
In the global race to develop vaccines against COVID-19, AstraZeneca’s candidate is viewed as offering one of the best hopes for many developing countries because of its cheaper price and ability to be transported at normal fridge temperatures.
Officials in the Philippines said on Friday they would secure 2.6 million AstraZeneca shots – the country’s first supply deal for a COVID-19 vaccine – and were negotiating a possible purchase of a further one million doses.
The announcements came after some scientists raised doubts about the robustness of results showing the shot was 90 per cent effective in a sub-group of trial participants who, by error initially, received a half dose followed by a full dose.
AstraZeneca said the administering of the half dose had been reviewed and approved by independent data safety monitors and the UK regulator, adding that the regulator publicly confirmed there was “no concern”.
The success rate of 62 per cent when the full dose was given twice, as it was for most participants, is still above the 50 per cent required by US regulators. Europe’s drug regulator has said it will not set a minimum level of efficacy.
If a vaccine has an efficacy of 50 per cent, it means that if 100 people who haven’t been exposed to the virus are immunised with it, on average, 50 of them would not get infected.
CEO Pascal Soriot said on Thursday, though, that the drug maker was likely to run an additional global trial to assess the efficacy of its vaccine using the lower dosage.
A spokesperson for Oxford University said additional data from international trials would help researchers assess the vaccine’s efficacy among a more diverse population.
Pauline Londeix, co-founder of French drug transparency group OT-Med, said apparent confusion over the trial results was “very problematic for public confidence in vaccines”.
“It has largely to do with the race drugmakers are engaged in currently, which leads them to present vaccine candidates in the best possible way and not release full protocols and results. It is the opposite of what is needed in our view.”
Nonetheless, Britain’s top science adviser said the interim results showed the AstraZeneca vaccine was successful.
“The headline result is the vaccine works and that’s very exciting,” Patrick Vallance said on Thursday during a news conference with Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
Only 2,741 volunteers were in the sub-group of the AstraZeneca-Oxford trial that gave the 90 per cent efficacy read-out, a fraction of the tens of thousands in trials that resulted in the above-90 per cent efficacy data released earlier this month for Pfizer-BioNTech’s and Moderna’s vaccines.
“Sub-group analyses in randomised controlled trials are always fraught with difficulties,” said Paul Hunter, a professor of medicine at Britain’s University of East Anglia.
“In order to have faith in the results,” Hunter added, any sub-group analysis “should be sufficiently powered” with large numbers of volunteers.
A peer-reviewed analysis of data from the AstraZeneca-Oxford trial will be published in The Lancet in coming weeks.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has not commented on AstraZeneca’s vaccine trial results. The European Medicines Agency said on Thursday it would “assess data on the efficacy and safety of the vaccine in the coming weeks once they have been received from the company”.
Moncef Slaoui, chief scientific adviser for the US government’s vaccine programme Operation Warp Speed, has also highlighted gaps in the interim trial data.
He said no-one in the sub-group that got the initial half dose was older than 55 – suggesting that regimen’s efficacy in older age groups was unproven.
“There are a number of variables that we need to understand, and what has been the role of each one of them in achieving the difference in efficacy,” Slaoui told a briefing on Tuesday.