Researchers develop novel chemosensor-based method for rapid detection of bacterial toxin

A research team from Japan developed an innovative methodology to detect Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Based on a novel fluorescent chemosensor, the proposed system detects the endotoxin in a matter of minutes, making it suitable for on-site testing in hospitals and pharma manufacturing facilities.

LPS, largely known as “endotoxins”, is a molecule which is found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and can be very harmful to humans. It can trigger a major immune response, producing fever and inflammation. In the worst cases, it can cause organ failure due to sepsis.

The gold standard for its detection is the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test. Because this has to be done manually in a clean laboratory setting, the procedure can take several hours and is also expensive. While there are other methods to detect LPS, they too are time-consuming or cumbersome.

Against this backdrop, a research team from Japan has pioneered a new strategy to quickly detect LPS in soluble samples. In their latest study, published online in the journal Analytical Chemistry on July 31, 2023, the team presents a promising platform that could revolutionise how we screen for LPS. The first author of the study is Hiroshi Kimoto, who is a PhD student at Sophia University, Japan, and a member of the Technical Development Division at Nomura Micro Science Co. The study was co-authored by Takashi Hayashita and Takeshi Hashimoto, both from Sophia University, and Yota Suzuki from Saitama University.

A release from the research team informs, “The main component of the proposed LPS analysis system is a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor called Zn-dpa-C2OPy. This compound, which was designed to bind selectively to LPS, exhibits interesting fluorescent properties. When not bound to LPS, it forms small spherical vesicles that emit light with a certain wavelength when excited by UV rays. However, in the presence of LPS, the chemosensor forms complex aggregates with the toxin in a solution; these aggregates are structurally distinct from the aggregates of either the chemosensor or LPS alone. The complex chemosensor-LPS aggregates emit light at a completely different wavelength when excited by UV rays, and their presence was further verified via spectrometric measurements.”

To achieve high-throughput LPS detection, the researchers combined the chemosensor with a flow injection analysis (FIA) system and a self-developed dual-wavelength fluorophotometer. This system allows one to easily mix a liquid sample of interest with a known quantity of chemosensor, and the mixture is then fed into the fluorophotometer, which measures the fluorescence changes in response to LPS. Based on the ratio between the fluorescence intensities, one can estimate the concentration of LPS in the input sample. One of the main benefits of this system is its speed. “It takes only one minute from sample collection to analysis results, with an hourly sample throughput of 36, making this technique extremely rapid and efficient,” remarks Kimoto.

The release adds, “In addition to the high throughput, the proposed chemosensor exhibits high sensitivity and stability to quantify LPS. In fact, the chemosensor has a detection limit of 11 pM (picomolar), which is lower than that of other reported small molecule chemosensors for LPS detection. This means that it can detect lower concentrations of LPS than other alternative methods can. Moreover, the chemosensor-based analysis system is simple and animal-friendly—other conventional LPS detection methods use animal resources and may, in turn, harm these animals. This makes it a great candidate for practical and efficient point-of care testing for LPS and bacterial contaminations in water, clinical, or pharma samples.”

Kimoto comments, “Based on this research, an online-endotoxin monitor will be developed and made available for use in real-life situations. Such a monitor could be installed at pharmaceutical production sites, hospital bedsides, and intensive care units to continuously monitor endotoxin concentration in pharmaceutical products, such as water for injection, or the blood of infected patients.”

With more work in the field, the threat of endotoxins will be minimised in the near future.